Raymond Swanson, MD

Professor in Residence
Neurology
[email protected]
+1 415 750-2011

Ray Swanson is a clinician-scientist with joint appointments in the UCSF Department of Neurology and the San Francisco Veterans Affairs Medical Center. His research explores bioenergetics and oxidative signaling in neurological disease. His studies in the area of stroke aim to identify ways to mitigate the dendritic and axonal ischemic injury, and in particular injury caused by neuronal NADPH oxidase and cofilin-actin rod formation. Work pertaining to Parkinson's disease aims to identify interactions between neuronal redox state and alpha-synuclein aggregation. This effort also involves pre-clinical and clinical studies of thiol repletion agents as a disease-modifying therapeutic approach. The Swanson laboratory is in the 1700 Owens St. building on the Mission Bay campus.

Publications: 

Cofilactin rod formation mediates inflammation-induced neurite degeneration.

Cell reports

Uruk G, Mocanu E, Shaw AE, Bamburg JR, Swanson RA

Bioenergetic and excitotoxic determinants of cofilactin rod formation.

Journal of neurochemistry

Mai N, Wu L, Uruk G, Mocanu E, Swanson RA

Brain energy metabolism: A roadmap for future research.

Journal of neurochemistry

Rae CD, Baur JA, Borges K, Dienel G, Díaz-García CM, Douglass SR, Drew K, Duarte JMN, Duran J, Kann O, Kristian T, Lee-Liu D, Lindquist BE, McNay EC, Robinson MB, Rothman DL, Rowlands BD, Ryan TA, Scafidi J, Scafidi S, Shuttleworth CW, Swanson RA, Uruk G, Vardjan N, Zorec R, McKenna MC

Use of Botulinum Toxin for Limb Immobilization for Rehabilitation in Rats with Experimental Stroke.

Biomolecules

Zhang H, Liu J, Bingham D, Orr A, Kawabori M, Kim JY, Zheng Z, Lam TI, Massa SM, Swanson RA, Yenari MA

Neuronal Oxidative Stress Promotes α-Synuclein Aggregation In Vivo.

Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)

Won SJ, Fong R, Butler N, Sanchez J, Zhang Y, Wong C, Tambou Nzoutchoum O, Huynh A, Pan J, Swanson RA

Blast-induced axonal degeneration in the rat cerebellum in the absence of head movement.

Scientific reports

Bishop R, Won SJ, Irvine KA, Basu J, Rome ES, Swanson RA

Glucose availability limits microglial nitric oxide production.

Journal of neurochemistry

Castillo E, Mocanu E, Uruk G, Swanson RA

α-synuclein aggregates induce c-Abl activation and dopaminergic neuronal loss by a feed-forward redox stress mechanism.

Progress in neurobiology

Ghosh S, Won SJ, Wang J, Fong R, Butler NJM, Moss A, Wong C, Pan J, Sanchez J, Huynh A, Wu L, Manfredsson FP, Swanson RA

A tandem activity-based sensing and labeling strategy enables imaging of transcellular hydrogen peroxide signaling.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Iwashita H, Castillo E, Messina MS, Swanson RA, Chang CJ

Reactive astrocyte nomenclature, definitions, and future directions.

Nature neuroscience

Escartin C, Galea E, Lakatos A, O'Callaghan JP, Petzold GC, Serrano-Pozo A, Steinhäuser C, Volterra A, Carmignoto G, Agarwal A, Allen NJ, Araque A, Barbeito L, Barzilai A, Bergles DE, Bonvento G, Butt AM, Chen WT, Cohen-Salmon M, Cunningham C, Deneen B, De Strooper B, Díaz-Castro B, Farina C, Freeman M, Gallo V, Goldman JE, Goldman SA, Götz M, Gutiérrez A, Haydon PG, Heiland DH, Hol EM, Holt MG, Iino M, Kastanenka KV, Kettenmann H, Khakh BS, Koizumi S, Lee CJ, Liddelow SA, MacVicar BA, Magistretti P, Messing A, Mishra A, Molofsky AV, Murai KK, Norris CM, Okada S, Oliet SHR, Oliveira JF, Panatier A, Parpura V, Pekna M, Pekny M, Pellerin L, Perea G, Pérez-Nievas BG, Pfrieger FW, Poskanzer KE, Quintana FJ, Ransohoff RM, Riquelme-Perez M, Robel S, Rose CR, Rothstein JD, Rouach N, Rowitch DH, Semyanov A, Sirko S, Sontheimer H, Swanson RA, Vitorica J, Wanner IB, Wood LB, Wu J, Zheng B, Zimmer ER, Zorec R, Sofroniew MV, Verkhratsky A

Superoxide and Non-ionotropic Signaling in Neuronal Excitotoxicity.

Frontiers in neuroscience

Wang J, Swanson RA

Methodological considerations for studies of brain glycogen.

Journal of neuroscience research

Wu L, Wong CP, Swanson RA

Technical and Comparative Aspects of Brain Glycogen Metabolism.

Advances in neurobiology

Wu L, Butler NJM, Swanson RA

Excitotoxic superoxide production and neuronal death require both ionotropic and non-ionotropic NMDA receptor signaling.

Scientific reports

Minnella AM, Zhao JX, Jiang X, Jakobsen E, Lu F, Wu L, El-Benna J, Gray JA, Swanson RA

Cofilin-actin rod formation in neuronal processes after brain ischemia.

PloS one

Won SJ, Minnella AM, Wu L, Eun CH, Rome E, Herson PS, Shaw AE, Bamburg JR, Swanson RA

Fibrin-targeting immunotherapy protects against neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration.

Nature immunology

Ryu JK, Rafalski VA, Meyer-Franke A, Adams RA, Poda SB, Rios Coronado PE, Pedersen LØ, Menon V, Baeten KM, Sikorski SL, Bedard C, Hanspers K, Bardehle S, Mendiola AS, Davalos D, Machado MR, Chan JP, Plastira I, Petersen MA, Pfaff SJ, Ang KK, Hallenbeck KK, Syme C, Hakozaki H, Ellisman MH, Swanson RA, Zamvil SS, Arkin MR, Zorn SH, Pico AR, Mucke L, Freedman SB, Stavenhagen JB, Nelson RB, Akassoglou K

Low-frequency cortical activity is a neuromodulatory target that tracks recovery after stroke.

Nature medicine

Ramanathan DS, Guo L, Gulati T, Davidson G, Hishinuma AK, Won SJ, Knight RT, Chang EF, Swanson RA, Ganguly K

Editorial.

Glia

Barros F, Brown AM, Swanson RA

Effects of Veliparib on Microglial Activation and Functional Outcomes after Traumatic Brain Injury in the Rat and Pig.

Journal of neurotrauma

Irvine KA, Bishop RK, Won SJ, Xu J, Hamel KA, Coppes V, Singh P, Sondag A, Rome E, Basu J, Cittolin-Santos GF, Panter SS, Swanson RA

Glia in brain energy metabolism: A perspective.

Glia

Barros LF, Brown A, Swanson RA

Guidelines on experimental methods to assess mitochondrial dysfunction in cellular models of neurodegenerative diseases.

Cell death and differentiation

Connolly NMC, Theurey P, Adam-Vizi V, Bazan NG, Bernardi P, Bolaños JP, Culmsee C, Dawson VL, Deshmukh M, Duchen MR, Düssmann H, Fiskum G, Galindo MF, Hardingham GE, Hardwick JM, Jekabsons MB, Jonas EA, Jordán J, Lipton SA, Manfredi G, Mattson MP, McLaughlin B, Methner A, Murphy AN, Murphy MP, Nicholls DG, Polster BM, Pozzan T, Rizzuto R, Satrústegui J, Slack RS, Swanson RA, Swerdlow RH, Will Y, Ying Z, Joselin A, Gioran A, Moreira Pinho C, Watters O, Salvucci M, Llorente-Folch I, Park DS, Bano D, Ankarcrona M, Pizzo P, Prehn JHM

Bioenergetic regulation of microglia.

Glia

Ghosh S, Castillo E, Frias ES, Swanson RA

Bioenergetic state regulates innate inflammatory responses through the transcriptional co-repressor CtBP.

Nature communications

Shen Y, Kapfhamer D, Minnella AM, Kim JE, Won SJ, Chen Y, Huang Y, Low LH, Massa SM, Swanson RA

A data-driven approach for evaluating multi-modal therapy in traumatic brain injury.

Scientific reports

Haefeli J, Ferguson AR, Bingham D, Orr A, Won SJ, Lam TI, Shi J, Hawley S, Liu J, Swanson RA, Massa SM

Preclinical modelling of militarily relevant traumatic brain injuries: Challenges and recommendations for future directions.

Brain injury

Cernak I, Stein DG, Elder GA, Ahlers S, Curley K, DePalma RG, Duda J, Ikonomovic M, Iverson GL, Kobeissy F, Koliatsos VE, Leggieri MJ, Pacifico AM, Smith DH, Swanson R, Thompson FJ, Tortella FC

Akt1-Inhibitor of DNA binding2 is essential for growth cone formation and axon growth and promotes central nervous system axon regeneration.

eLife

Ko HR, Kwon IS, Hwang I, Jin EJ, Shin JH, Brennan-Minnella AM, Swanson R, Cho SW, Lee KH, Ahn JY

Erratum to: Neuronal Glutathione Content and Antioxidant Capacity can be Normalized In Situ by N-acetyl Cysteine Concentrations Attained in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics

Reyes RC, Cittolin-Santos GF, Kim JE, Won SJ, Brennan-Minnella AM, Katz M, Glass GA, Swanson RA

Neuronal Glutathione Content and Antioxidant Capacity can be Normalized In Situ by N-acetyl Cysteine Concentrations Attained in Human Cerebrospinal Fluid.

Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics

Reyes RC, Cittolin-Santos GF, Kim JE, Won SJ, Brennan-Minnella AM, Katz M, Glass GA, Swanson RA

NF-κB transcriptional activation by TNFα requires phospholipase C, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1.

Journal of neuroinflammation

Vuong B, Hogan-Cann AD, Alano CC, Stevenson M, Chan WY, Anderson CM, Swanson RA, Kauppinen TM

Targeted Lipid Profiling Discovers Plasma Biomarkers of Acute Brain Injury.

PloS one

Sheth SA, Iavarone AT, Liebeskind DS, Won SJ, Swanson RA

Robust neuroprosthetic control from the stroke perilesional cortex.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Gulati T, Won SJ, Ramanathan DS, Wong CC, Bodepudi A, Swanson RA, Ganguly K

Assessment at the single-cell level identifies neuronal glutathione depletion as both a cause and effect of ischemia-reperfusion oxidative stress.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Won SJ, Kim JE, Cittolin-Santos GF, Swanson RA

Cerebrospinal fluid concentrations of N-acetylcysteine after oral administration in Parkinson's disease.

Parkinsonism & related disorders

Katz M, Won SJ, Park Y, Orr A, Jones DP, Swanson RA, Glass GA

Tat-NR2B9c prevents excitotoxic neuronal superoxide production.

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Chen Y, Brennan-Minnella AM, Sheth S, El-Benna J, Swanson RA

NADPH oxidase-2: linking glucose, acidosis, and excitotoxicity in stroke.

Antioxidants & redox signaling

Brennan-Minnella AM, Won SJ, Swanson RA

NR2B phosphorylation at tyrosine 1472 contributes to brain injury in a rodent model of neonatal hypoxia-ischemia.

Stroke

Knox R, Brennan-Minnella AM, Lu F, Yang D, Nakazawa T, Yamamoto T, Swanson RA, Ferriero DM, Jiang X

Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species are scavenged by Cockayne syndrome B protein in human fibroblasts without nuclear DNA damage.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Cleaver JE, Brennan-Minnella AM, Swanson RA, Fong KW, Chen J, Chou KM, Chen YW, Revet I, Bezrookove V

Brain glycogen--vestigial no more. Foreword.

Metabolic brain disease

Swanson RA

A systematic survey of lipids across mouse tissues.

American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism

Jain M, Ngoy S, Sheth SA, Swanson RA, Rhee EP, Liao R, Clish CB, Mootha VK, Nilsson R

Intracellular pH reduction prevents excitotoxic and ischemic neuronal death by inhibiting NADPH oxidase.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Lam TI, Brennan-Minnella AM, Won SJ, Shen Y, Hefner C, Shi Y, Sun D, Swanson RA

Sirtuins in neurodegenerative diseases: an update on potential mechanisms.

Frontiers in aging neuroscience

Min SW, Sohn PD, Cho SH, Swanson RA, Gan L

10th International Conference on Brain Energy Metabolism. Preface.

Journal of neuroscience research

Swanson R, Schouboe A, McKenna MC

Beneficial effects of minocycline and botulinum toxin-induced constraint physical therapy following experimental traumatic brain injury.

Neurorehabilitation and neural repair

Lam TI, Bingham D, Chang TJ, Lee CC, Shi J, Wang D, Massa S, Swanson RA, Liu J

Activation of neuronal NMDA receptors induces superoxide-mediated oxidative stress in neighboring neurons and astrocytes.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Reyes RC, Brennan AM, Shen Y, Baldwin Y, Swanson RA

Recurrent/moderate hypoglycemia induces hippocampal dendritic injury, microglial activation, and cognitive impairment in diabetic rats.

Journal of neuroinflammation

Won SJ, Yoo BH, Kauppinen TM, Choi BY, Kim JH, Jang BG, Lee MW, Sohn M, Liu J, Swanson RA, Suh SW

Prevention of traumatic brain injury-induced neuron death by intranasal delivery of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.

Journal of neurotrauma

Won SJ, Choi BY, Yoo BH, Sohn M, Ying W, Swanson RA, Suh SW

One cell's poison is another cell's cure.

Nature neuroscience

Swanson RA

Microglial activation induced by brain trauma is suppressed by post-injury treatment with a PARP inhibitor.

Journal of neuroinflammation

d'Avila JC, Lam TI, Bingham D, Shi J, Won SJ, Kauppinen TM, Massa S, Liu J, Swanson RA

Poly(ADP-ribose)polymerase-1 modulates microglial responses to amyloid β.

Journal of neuroinflammation

Kauppinen TM, Suh SW, Higashi Y, Berman AE, Escartin C, Won SJ, Wang C, Cho SH, Gan L, Swanson RA

Nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 facilitates neuronal glutathione synthesis by upregulating neuronal excitatory amino acid transporter 3 expression.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Escartin C, Won SJ, Malgorn C, Auregan G, Berman AE, Chen PC, Déglon N, Johnson JA, Suh SW, Swanson RA

N-acetylcysteine prevents loss of dopaminergic neurons in the EAAC1-/- mouse.

Annals of neurology

Berman AE, Chan WY, Brennan AM, Reyes RC, Adler BL, Suh SW, Kauppinen TM, Edling Y, Swanson RA

EAAC1 gene deletion alters zinc homeostasis and exacerbates neuronal injury after transient cerebral ischemia.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Won SJ, Yoo BH, Brennan AM, Shin BS, Kauppinen TM, Berman AE, Swanson RA, Suh SW

Microglial activation in stroke: therapeutic targets.

Neurotherapeutics : the journal of the American Society for Experimental NeuroTherapeutics

Yenari MA, Kauppinen TM, Swanson RA

Digitally quantifying cerebral hemorrhage using Photoshop and Image J.

Journal of neuroscience methods

Tang XN, Berman AE, Swanson RA, Yenari MA

NAD+ depletion is necessary and sufficient for poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1-mediated neuronal death.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Alano CC, Garnier P, Ying W, Higashi Y, Kauppinen TM, Swanson RA

Pyruvate protects against experimental stroke via an anti-inflammatory mechanism.

Neurobiology of disease

Wang Q, van Hoecke M, Tang XN, Lee H, Zheng Z, Swanson RA, Yenari MA

NADPH oxidase is the primary source of superoxide induced by NMDA receptor activation.

Nature neuroscience

Brennan AM, Suh SW, Won SJ, Narasimhan P, Kauppinen TM, Lee H, Edling Y, Chan PH, Swanson RA

Selective down-regulation of nuclear poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase.

PloS one

Burns DM, Ying W, Kauppinen TM, Zhu K, Swanson RA

Inhibition of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase suppresses inflammation and promotes recovery after ischemic injury.

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Kauppinen TM, Suh SW, Berman AE, Hamby AM, Swanson RA

Glucose and NADPH oxidase drive neuronal superoxide formation in stroke.

Annals of neurology

Suh SW, Shin BS, Ma H, Van Hoecke M, Brennan AM, Yenari MA, Swanson RA

Sequential release of nitric oxide, zinc, and superoxide in hypoglycemic neuronal death.

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Suh SW, Hamby AM, Gum ET, Shin BS, Won SJ, Sheline CT, Chan PH, Swanson RA

Zinc triggers microglial activation.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Kauppinen TM, Higashi Y, Suh SW, Escartin C, Nagasawa K, Swanson RA

Differences among cell types in NAD(+) compartmentalization: a comparison of neurons, astrocytes, and cardiac myocytes.

Journal of neuroscience research

Alano CC, Tran A, Tao R, Ying W, Karliner JS, Swanson RA

Inhibition of mitochondrial function in astrocytes: implications for neuroprotection.

Journal of neurochemistry

Voloboueva LA, Suh SW, Swanson RA, Giffard RG

Zinc inhibits astrocyte glutamate uptake by activation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1.

Molecular medicine (Cambridge, Mass.)

Suh SW, Aoyama K, Alano CC, Anderson CM, Hamby AM, Swanson RA

Hypoglycemic neuronal death is triggered by glucose reperfusion and activation of neuronal NADPH oxidase.

The Journal of clinical investigation

Suh SW, Gum ET, Hamby AM, Chan PH, Swanson RA

INTRODUCTION: Immune mechanisms of neurodegeneration.

Clinical neuroscience research

Yenari MA, Swanson RA

Novel modulators of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase.

Trends in pharmacological sciences

Szabo C, Pacher P, Swanson RA

Minocycline inhibits poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 at nanomolar concentrations.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Alano CC, Kauppinen TM, Valls AV, Swanson RA

Pyruvate improves recovery after PARP-1-associated energy failure induced by oxidative stress in neonatal rat cerebrocortical slices.

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Zeng J, Yang GY, Ying W, Kelly M, Hirai K, James TL, Swanson RA, Litt L

Players in the PARP-1 cell-death pathway: JNK1 joins the cast.

Trends in biochemical sciences

Alano CC, Swanson RA

Direct phosphorylation and regulation of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 by extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1/2.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

Kauppinen TM, Chan WY, Suh SW, Wiggins AK, Huang EJ, Swanson RA

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 hyperactivation and impairment of mitochondrial respiratory chain complex I function in reperfused mouse hearts.

American journal of physiology. Heart and circulatory physiology

Zhou HZ, Swanson RA, Simonis U, Ma X, Cecchini G, Gray MO

Neuronal glutathione deficiency and age-dependent neurodegeneration in the EAAC1 deficient mouse.

Nature neuroscience

Aoyama K, Suh SW, Hamby AM, Liu J, Chan WY, Chen Y, Swanson RA

Poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 activation in a primate model of multiple sclerosis.

Journal of neuroscience research

Kauppinen TM, Suh SW, Genain CP, Swanson RA

Acidosis causes endoplasmic reticulum stress and caspase-12-mediated astrocyte death.

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Aoyama K, Burns DM, Suh SW, Garnier P, Matsumori Y, Shiina H, Swanson RA

Hypoglycemia induces transient neurogenesis and subsequent progenitor cell loss in the rat hippocampus.

Diabetes

Suh SW, Fan Y, Hong SM, Liu Z, Matsumori Y, Weinstein PR, Swanson RA, Liu J

NAD+ as a metabolic link between DNA damage and cell death.

Journal of neuroscience research

Ying W, Alano CC, Garnier P, Swanson RA

Hypoxia induces caspase-9 and caspase-3 activation without neuronal death in gerbil brains.

The European journal of neuroscience

Garnier P, Prigent-Tessier A, Van Hoecke M, Bertrand N, Demougeot C, Sordet O, Swanson RA, Marie C, Beley A

Using 31P NMR spectroscopy at 14.1 Tesla to investigate PARP-1 associated energy failure and metabolic rescue in cerebrocortical slices.

Journal of bioenergetics and biomembranes

Zeng J, Hirai K, Yang GY, Ying W, Swanson RA, Kelly M, Mayer M, James TL, Litt L

Zinc release contributes to hypoglycemia-induced neuronal death.

Neurobiology of disease

Suh SW, Garnier P, Aoyama K, Chen Y, Swanson RA

Astrocyte influences on ischemic neuronal death.

Current molecular medicine

Swanson RA, Ying W, Kauppinen TM

Alternative, nonapoptotic programmed cell death: mediation by arrestin 2, ERK2, and Nur77.

The Journal of biological chemistry

Castro-Obregón S, Rao RV, del Rio G, Chen SF, Poksay KS, Rabizadeh S, Vesce S, Zhang XK, Swanson RA, Bredesen DE

Human serum albumin and its N-terminal tetrapeptide (DAHK) block oxidant-induced neuronal death.

Stroke

Gum ET, Swanson RA, Alano C, Liu J, Hong S, Weinstein PR, Panter SS

ATP-induced ATP release from astrocytes.

Journal of neurochemistry

Anderson CM, Bergher JP, Swanson RA

Hypoglycemic neuronal death and cognitive impairment are prevented by poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitors administered after hypoglycemia.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Suh SW, Aoyama K, Chen Y, Garnier P, Matsumori Y, Gum E, Liu J, Swanson RA

Overexpression of rat heat shock protein 70 reduces neuronal injury after transient focal ischemia, transient global ischemia, or kainic acid-induced seizures.

Neurosurgery

Tsuchiya D, Hong S, Matsumori Y, Kayama T, Swanson RA, Dillman WH, Liu J, Panter SS, Weinstein PR

Expression and activity of poly(ADP-ribose) glycohydrolase in cultured astrocytes, neurons, and C6 glioma cells.

Brain research. Molecular brain research

Sevigny MB, Silva JM, Lan WC, Alano CC, Swanson RA

NAD+ repletion prevents PARP-1-induced glycolytic blockade and cell death in cultured mouse astrocytes.

Biochemical and biophysical research communications

Ying W, Garnier P, Swanson RA

Ischemic preconditioning by caspase cleavage of poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase-1.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Garnier P, Ying W, Swanson RA

Cerebral ischemia and infarction from atheroemboli <100 microm in Size.

Stroke

Rapp JH, Pan XM, Yu B, Swanson RA, Higashida RT, Simpson P, Saloner D

Overexpression of rat heat shock protein 70 is associated with reduction of early mitochondrial cytochrome C release and subsequent DNA fragmentation after permanent focal ischemia.

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Tsuchiya D, Hong S, Matsumori Y, Shiina H, Kayama T, Swanson RA, Dillman WH, Liu J, Panter SS, Weinstein PR

Extracellular conversion of guanine-based purines to guanosine specifically enhances astrocyte glutamate uptake.

Brain research

Frizzo ME, Antunes Soares FA, Dall'Onder LP, Lara DR, Swanson RA, Souza DO

P2X7 receptor-mediated release of excitatory amino acids from astrocytes.

The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience

Duan S, Anderson CM, Keung EC, Chen Y, Chen Y, Swanson RA

Astrocytes and brain injury.

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Chen Y, Swanson RA

Heat shock - induced Hsp70 expression in murine astrocytes does not require poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase activity.

Cellular physiology and biochemistry : international journal of experimental cellular physiology, biochemistry, and pharmacology

Sevigny M, Garnier P, Kauppinen T, Swanson R

Tricarboxylic acid cycle substrates prevent PARP-mediated death of neurons and astrocytes.

Journal of cerebral blood flow and metabolism : official journal of the International Society of Cerebral Blood Flow and Metabolism

Ying W, Chen Y, Alano CC, Swanson RA